Report any CT scan of a wrong body part or repeated CT scan to Health Physics for dose estimation, except if the repeat scan is necessary due to patient motion effects. At SHS, SCH and VAPAHCS, all uses of radionuclides in humansregardless of quantity or purpose must be approved by CRSCo. Theshallow-dose equivalentis the external dose to the skin of the whole-body or extremities from an external source of ionizing radiation at a tissue depth of 0.007 cm averaged over and area of 10 cm2. Visitors should remain at least 6 feet from the patients and should not stay more than 2 hours per day (unless other information is provided). Responsible for complying with the radiation safety rules and regulations. The use ofwarningorcautionsigns are required to alert unauthorized or unsuspecting personnel of a hazardandto remind authorized personnel as well. Acute high-dose radiation occurs in three principal situations: (Reprinted from Department of Homeland Security Working Group on Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) Preparedness: Medical Preparedness and Response Sub-Group (5/1/03 Version)). A nuclear detonation which produces extremely high dose rates from radiation during the initial 60 seconds and then from fission fallout products in the area near ground zero. General information is available on demand through the web-based course Working Safely Near Radioactive Materials EHS-5275-WEB. Universal precautions such as gloves are appropriate if there is contamination of bedding or dressings, due to urine or perspiration. Sometimes it may be sufficient to construct a wall of a suitable thickness of normal building materials (e.g., dense concrete). Radiological Controls Program consists of procedures and practices used to maintain exposure to the general public and WMU AUs/RWs ALARA. 7.1. The radioactive drugs are given to patients for the detection and treatment of disease. The survey instrument must be appropriate for the type and energy of the radiation being measured. If a badge is returned late, higher work exposures cannot be investigated in a timely manner. Note: SeeRHB for all forms for certification and permittingin Radiologic Technology (Medical X-ray) and Nuclear Medicine Technology. 1ICRP, 1991:7 0.05 fatal cancers per person-sievert for the entire population. Dosimetry accounts will be charged a late fee in addition to the usual dosimeter costs for dosimeters not returned within 90 days. 5.1.2. Dosimetry requestscan be made on this website. Complex FGI procedures can result in PSD levels high enough to cause skin injury. Command policies and procedures for the procurement, production, transfer, storage, use, and disposal of radioactive material and ionizing and non-ionizing producing devices will be developed. If, for any reason, the license is suspended or terminated no one will be able to use radioactive materials of any kind. If a package is labeled as containing radioactive material appears damaged it must be promptly monitored for dose rate and contamination. The radiation dose from consumer products is relatively small as compared to other naturally occurring sources of radiation and averages 0.1 mSv (10 mrem) per year. all rad workers, all irradiator operators, etc.). NRC Material License No. SHC, SCH and VAPAHCS are responsible for lead apron inspection and inventory. A diagnostic radiopharmaceutical drug was, Nuclear medicine physicians and technologists, Cardiologists working with fluoroscopy equipment, Nurses regularly caring for radionuclide therapy patients, Nursing staff occasionally caring for radionuclide therapy patients, Administrators and administrative assistants. Frequently missing dosimeter readings creates a gap in your radiation dose record and gives the impression of a lackadaisical monitoring program. Note: If the radiation-producing machine is to be disposed of, all radiation-producing parts (e.g., x-ray tube) must be destroyed. Applications for Human Subject protocols which include the use of radiation are forwarded to Health Physics for review. Suspend or prohibit the individual from involvement in licensed activities for a specified time while at the University or any other entity. 144: Radiation Protection for Particle Accelerator Facilities, Report No. Lab Moves: If you are moving to a new lab space or inactivating, please see our licensing page. These calculated risks are compared to other known occupational and environmental hazards, and appropriate safety standards and policies have been established by international and national radiation protection organizations (e.g., International Commission on Radiological Protection and National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements) to control and limit the potential harmful radiation effects of radiation. There is some flexibility in the regulations on how an emergency would be defined. Regulations for the Safe Use of Ionizing Radiation, Occupational Exposure Limits to Radiation, Additional Limits for Pregnant Occupational Workers, Shipped Radioactive Package Receipt Requirements, When a Lead Apron Is Effective and Appropriate, When the Use of a Lead Apron Is Not Appropriate, Lead Apron Inspection and Inventory Policy, Radiation-Producing Machines (X-Ray) in the Healing Arts, Machine Shielding (for New Construction and Machine Upgrades), Changes in Machine Location and Disposition, X-Ray Machine Compliance Tests and Calibrations, Timeline for New Therapy Machine State Approval Process, X-ray Device Event Reporting (Fluoroscopy Burns, CT Scans), Sentinel Event for Fluoroscopy or Radiotherapy, State of California Certificates and Permits, Certificates/Permits for Radiologic Technologists and Limited Permit X-ray Technicians, Restraint/Manipulation of Patients During Examinations, Positioning a Patient or Fluoroscopy Equipment, Administrative Oversight of Radioactive Materials in Medicine and Human Research, Clinical Radiation Safety Committee (CRSCo), Radioactive Drug Research Committee (RDRC), Selection of Physicians to Use Radioactive Material for Human Treatment and Diagnosis, Reporting of a Medical Event Using a Diagnostic or Therapeutic Drug, Training Frequency for Those Working With or Near Radioactive Material or Radiation Producing Machines, Lifesaving Emergency Actions for Patients Administered with Radiopharmaceuticals or for Patients Contaminated with Radioactive Material, In the Event of an Injured Contaminated Stanford Researcher, Radiological Disaster: In The Event of A Large Scale Major Radiological Event, Ionizing Radiation and Terrorist Incidents: Important Points for the Patient and You, Radioiodine Therapies - General Safety for Patients Receiving Radioactive Iodine Therapy, Therapy Patients Treated with Radiopharmaceuticals - Nursing Care Specific Instructions, Therapy Patients Treated with Sealed Radioactive Source Implants - Nursing Care Specific Instructions, Transportation Service - General Radiation Precautions, Actions in Case of Death for Patients Administered with Therapeutic Radioactive Sources, Yttrium-90 Glass Microspheres Patients - General Safety Precautions, Yttrium-90 Glass Microspheres Patients - Nursing Care Specific Instructions, Release of Individuals Containing Unsealed Byproduct Material or Implants Containing Byproduct Material, Diagnostic Studies or Minor Therapies - General Safety Precautions, Guidance for Preparing Research Protocols Involving Diagnostic Use of Ionizing Radiation in Human Use Research, Authorization to Obtain Radiation Exposure Historyform, RHB for all forms for certification and permitting, section 12.4Guidance for Preparing Research Proposals Involving Ionizing Radiation in Human Use Research, Working Safely Near Radioactive Materials EHS-5275-WEB, Acute Radiation Syndrome: A Fact Sheet for Physicians, National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements, Animal Research Occupational Health and Safety Program, Aluminum, plastics, wood, rubber, plastic, cloth, Gamma, x-rays, positrons (e.g., I131, F18), Lead, iron, lead glass, heavy aggregate concrete, ordinary concrete, water, Lead, iron, lead glass, concrete blocks, water, lead equivalent fabrics such as gloves (for diagnostic x-ray machines only). A whole body counter is a detector, or series of detectors, used to measure the amount of radioactivity in the human body. While these devices can be handheld like the RIID, the most sensitive and accurate instruments are not portable and are used in the laboratory. A non-occupational worker, such as a mother or father, can hold the patient. Radiation Safety Policies, Procedures, and FormsRadiation Rad . Sealed radioactive sources are often made by encapsulating the salt or metal of a radionuclide into a welded metal container whose size typically ranges from smaller than a grain of rice to the size of a golf ball. This type of radiation is less common in the medical setting because beta particles are far less penetrating than gammas, and generally will be stopped by about one-half of an inch wood, plastic, water, tissueetc, depending on the energy. Support will be provided in the area of contamination control, advice on radiation safety, and related matters. A liquid scintillation counter is piece of equipment that is not portable and is usually used in a laboratory. When half of the original atoms have decayed, the material is said to have gone through a half-life. During the next half-life, half of the remaining atoms will continue to decay; leaving one-fourth of the original and so on. The tracer 18F has a two hour half-life. Air sampling and analysis should always be conducted under the direction of a radiation safety professional. Refresher training is typically annually. A radioactive release from a radiation dispersal device (RDD)* made from highly radioactive material such as cobalt-60. At sea level, the average cosmic radiation dose is about 26 mrem per year. This sampling is often conducted to evaluate the need for engineering, administrative, or respiratory protection by comparing results to appropriate airborne exposure limits. In the USA, the average effective whole body dose from radon is about 200 mrem per year. Removable contamination is radioactive material that is easily removed from the object or surface. People who are externally contaminated can become internally contaminated if radioactive material gets into their bodies. All physicians using or supervising use of fluoroscopic equipment are required to be certified by the state of California. 2 mrem. The exposure recorded by the control badge is subtracted from the exposure on the badges worn by the workers. The three major sources of human sources of radiation are: The following information briefly describes some examples of human-made radiation sources: The terms x-ray or gamma ray are sometimes used interchangeably however they are technically different. 100 mrem. If there are any questions regarding the wearing of these badges or any questions regarding radiation monitoring, please contact the Stanford University Health Physics Department Dosimetry Coordinator at (650) 723-3203. The RSM describes UC Berkeley policy and practice regarding the use of ionizing radiation and serves as a source of the radiation license requirements. Warning systems can be integrated into the design of radiation-producing equipment or devices and can also be used with radioactive materials. ALARA means avoiding exposure to radiation that does not have a direct benefit to you, even if the dose is small. Radiation Oncology Medical Physics and Health Physics will jointly prepare information for submittal and review by RHB (submit to RHB >60 days prior to installation or upgrade) including: Shielding calculations or supported reasoning for why shielding is not required, Safety feature description such as interlocks, audible/visual beam-on indicators, RHB returns their comments and concerns or approves shielding, RHB approves energization of the beam for the purposes of obtaining applicable TG report/calibration and the environmental survey, Submit Physicists Report of Safety Inspection and Comprehensive Environmental Survey, RHB gives final approval (approval may take up to 60 days) to begin patient therapy. Safety policies and instructions for clinical use of radiation sources at SHS, SCH and VAPAHCS are available from Health Physics. These instruments are not portable and are typically only used in a laboratory. Isotopes used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans, such as 18F, 11C, 15O or 13N decay by positron emission. The Joint Commission and the State of California Health and Safety Code sections (115111, 115112, and 115113) requires CT compliance in a variety of aspects. Faculty members of an approved medical school who are granted a certificate of registration by the Medical Board of California (code BPC 2113) are exempt from the requirement to obtain a Fluoroscopy Supervisor and Operator permit. 151: Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Megavoltage X- and Gamma-Ray Radiotherapy Facilities, Report No. Additionally, if you see unfamiliar individuals, it is important to question them or call security. Any worker likely to receive radiation exposures in excess of 10% (500 mrem) of the applicable limit and individuals who enter in a radiation area greater than 5 mrem per hour (e.g., persons who work within 6 feet of a fluoroscopy tube). People are exposed to radiation from cosmic rays, as well as to radioactive materials found in the soil, water, food, air and also inside the body. Actuate or energize radiography x-ray equipment. This is the type of radiation that people usually think of as radiation. These properties are taken advantage of in diagnostic imaging and to kill cancer cells. When working with high-energy beta particles, avoid shielding with high atomic number (Z>13) materials as this can result in production of X-rays (Bremsstrahlung radiation), which are more penetrating than the original beta radiation. A single high-level radiation exposure (i.e., greater than 100 mSv) delivered to the whole body over a very short period of time may have potential health risks. URI-Radiation Safety Program Page 1 of 5 Revised 01/2023 Radiation Safety Program The University of Rhode Island (URI) is authorized by the Rhode Island Department of Health . Registrants may be required to perform equipment tests or allow state or local inspectors to perform equipment tests. When there is any type of radiation incident many persons will want to know whether they have been exposed or are contaminated. Members of staff who work in Commissioned Services on sites not managed by the Trust are covered by this Radiation Safety Policy, unless other specific arrangements have been agreed. Before the patients room can be reassigned to another patient, the hazardous waste technician must survey the room for contamination and remove all radioactive waste. These badges provide legal records of accumulated radiation exposure for a lifetime; therefore, it is imperative that they are used when issued. glove boxes) or respiratory protection may be required to prevent an internal exposure and dose. People are constantly exposed to small amounts ofionizing radiationfrom the environment as they carry out their normal daily activities; this is known as background radiation. Use of these devices is now very limited having largely been replaced with the use of EPDs. There are also many other short lived radioactive isotopes used for nuclear medicine imaging studies. More information on shielding criteria is provided in the following NCRP reports: Portable or temporary shielding materials (e.g., thick steel, lead, or high-density concrete blocks) can sometimes be fabricated in the area of the inspection when conducting portable industrial radiography (e.g., using industrial radiography cameras to inspect pipe welding or concrete slabs). 5.1.2.2. You should flush the toilet two or three times after each use. An ALARA program usually involves maintaining radiation doses to workers as far below the federal and state regulatory occupational dose limits as is reasonably achievable taking into consideration the state of technology, economics, and social factors. All badges and rings are collected by the designated department or location contact to be processed by a contractor. Maintain all documentation required by the Radiation Safety Program. (See 49 CFR 172.403) If dose rates exceed any of the dose rates discussed above, stop and notify the RSO or his/her designee immediately. Examples include building products (contain naturally occurring radioactive materials) such as brick, granite counter tops, or phosphate fertilizer, tobacco products, and antiques such as clocks and watches (may contain radium or tritium so that the dial glows in the dark) or canary/vaseline glass. This exposure from a source outside the person. If there are early CNS findings of unexplained hypotension, survival is unlikely. All forms of ionizing radiation have sufficient energy to ionize atoms that may destabilize molecules within cells and lead to tissue damage. Only essential cleaning should be done. Annual limit/guideline for dose to any individual member of the public. While the exposure is not zero if the diagnostic study patient is seen within a few hours of their nuclear medicine scan, there is very little radiation exposure or contamination exposure to hospital staff associated with patients receiving radionuclides for minor therapies or diagnostic studies. Description of the machine and its proposed use. Contact Health Physics at (650) 723-3201. If the measured dose is not correct (e.g., badge fell to floor in procedure room), the health physicist documents why the measured dose is not correct and provides an estimated dose to change the individuals permanent dose record. The average yearly background effective dose in the United States is 3 mSv. As an example, industrial radiography equipment located in a fixed facility or room (e.g., industrial radiography room for conducting materials testing for quality control at a manufacturing facility) may include visible warning signals with colored or flashing lights or audible alarms with a distinct sound, which are located inside and outside the shielded enclosure for conducting industrial radiography. It meets quarterly. Policies and procedures developed will delineate responsibilities to ensure that ionizing To protect radiation workers from the unknown but potential effects of chronic low-level exposure (i.e., less than 100 mSv), the current radiation safety practice is to assume similar adverse effects are possible with low-level protracted exposure to radiation. 148: Radiation Protection in Veterinary Medicine, Report No. The purpose of the Radioactive Drug Research Committee (RDRC) is to guarantee the highest degree of both radiation and pharmacological safety to patients who take part in either research protocols or clinical trials. Place laundry in linen bag or the provided radioactive waste box and save until surveyed and released by Radiation Oncology or Health Physics. The FDA also specifies its composition. In terms of disintegrations per unit time, 1 Ci = 2,220,000 dpm. Regulatory agencies consider a high degree of security to be an important compliance matter. Inert gases shall be used in such a manner that the instantaneous levels of airborne radioactivity shall not exceed 5 times the inhalation derived air concentration (DAC) listed in 10 CFR 20, appendix B (1E-4 uCi/ml for133Xe). The permitted licentiate shall document all actions the non-permitted individuals will perform. Employees who become pregnant and must work with radioactive material or radiation sources during their pregnancy, may choose to contact Health Physics and complete a confidential Declaration of Pregnancy form. YSM Home. WMU is the licensee for a Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Materials License and any one individual or action that jeopardizes the ability to obtain and keep that license endangers the ability to conduct research using radioactive material. The Radiation Safety Policy further stipulates the duties and responsibilities for the development, implementation, and oversight to ensure the safe use of radiation. One curie is 37 billion Bq. Annually perform a visual and tactile inspection. Most of these devices are capable of performing sequential short-term measurements (minutes) and logging the data over a relatively long period (weeks). Both male and female patients must sit down on the toilet to prevent urine splatter. Look for visible damage (wear and tear) and feel for sagging and deformities. radiation. Publication No. Reviews may be conducted concurrently. PPE will not protect workers from direct, external radiation exposure (e.g., standing in an X-ray field), unless the PPE contains shielding material. The highest known level of background radiation in the world affecting a substantial population is in Kerala and the Madras States in India where some 140,000 people receive an annual exposure which averages over 30 mSv (3000 mrem) per year from both gamma and radon radiation (478% more than what is average in the US). The RSO shall determine and document the sanctions, if any, necessary to prevent recurrence. Radiation Safety Program 11-1. Since the collimator light field is aligned to the x-ray field, the shadow cast by the suspended piece of lead will show what area is being shielded from the x rays produced. Authorized users are ultimately responsible for the safe use of radioactive materials or radiation-producing machines under their control. Radiation safety professionals also use such methods and equipment to quantify how much radiation is present in order to determine how best to protect workers. For example, if a problem arises during a fluoroscopy procedure, stand on the image intensifier side of the C-arm if possible, or, when not assisting, step away from the patient if feasible. This will insure that all radioactive urine is washed from the toilet bowl. Direct reading portable airborne radiation monitors can be used to provide a nearly instantaneous measurement of airborne radon concentration. As a means of understanding the thermal effects of this radiation level (nonthermal effects are not as well defined and are still being debated), it is useful to compare this radiation level with thermal Radiation Dosimetry 4.5. At Stanford the oversight of human subject research involving radiology devices and radioactive materials is a function of the Clinical Radiation Safety Committee (CRSCo) which is chartered by the Food and Drug Administration. These instruments use a scintillation detector in order to evaluate gamma energies emitted by a radioactive source and comparing the measured gamma spectrum to libraries of characteristic gamma spectra. Consistent with the hierarchy of controls, PPE should only be used when appropriate engineering controls or administrative controls are infeasible. Radiation Safety Officer 4.2. Shoe covers should be worn when in the patients room. Health Physics shall be notified immediately. Housekeeping staff may not enter the room unless escorted by a nurse. The machine registration fees are charged back to departments that operate x-ray machines. This section discusses several sampling methods. 4.1. The machines must feature: In the event the patient experiences breathing difficulties or other medical problems, the patient will be immediately disconnected from the machine. Mammography machine annual tests are performed by an outside contractor. license conditions, and University radiation safety policies. Patients who have received large doses of radioactive materials that emit gamma rays may be a source of exposure to nurses and other personnel. In many of these studies, especially bone and renal studies, the radioactive compounds are removed from the body in the urine and occasionally in the stool. In liquid scintillation counting, the sample is place in a transparent glass vialed that is then filled with a scintillation fluid. The dose to your skin will be about X rads. As soon as practicable, the machine shall be shut off with the priority directed towards the well-being of the patient. Failure of an employee to use a required badge may result in appropriate disciplinary action. The symbol is magenta, purple, or black on a yellow background. A typical radiation dose from a whole body CT is about 15 mSv (1500 mrem). 4.1.3.8. A radiation protection program should include, at a minimum: Federal and state regulatory agencies require some types of radiation-producing equipment or radiation sources to be registered or licensed by manufacturers and/or users. A strong advantage to positron emitters is their very short half-life or, the time it takes for the isotope to decay and disappear. 2.3. Transportation of Radioactive Material/Waste Program consists of the procedures used to ensure compliance with the rules and regulations governing the conveyance of licensed material over public roadways. There are many natural sources of radiation which have been present since the earth was formed. The Declaration of Pregnancy can also be rescinded. All of these approvals are reported to CRSCo at its next meeting; it can re-open and revise the approvals. This radiation is in addition to what you may get as part of your regular medical care. protection regulations and standards to protect the American public from harmful effects of radiation. Warning systems should be checked regularly for proper function. Do not store Extremity (finger) rings in lab coat pockets. When it comes to ionizing radiation, remember time, distance, and shielding: Time, Distance, and Shielding for Radiation Protection. Common detectors used for gamma spectroscopy are semiconductor-based detectors such as germanium, cadmium telluride, and cadmium zinc telluride detectors, and scintillation detectors such as sodium iodide (NAI) detectors. See 29 CFR 1910.134 for requirements for using respiratory protection. Drugs also leave the body physiologically, usually through urine. For more information, read the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/Health Physics Society (HPS) N13.36, Ionizing Radiation Safety Training for Workers. For fluoroscopic procedures a lead apron of at least 0.25 mm lead equivalence (0.5 mm is recommended) will reduce scattered x-rays by 95%. Meeting with the RSO, the Authorized User (AU), and the individual; may also include the Executive Manager. The radiation safety program, which is managed by the Health Physics (HP) group, facilitates the safe use of ionizing radiation and radiation producing devices to protect its users and the public. Direct deliveries may arrive on any day and at any time of the day. 7.6. 80 kVp). Radioisotope Identification Devices (RIID) are hand held radiation instruments designed to identify the radioactive isotopes in a radiation source. 5.2.4.1. Equipment registration or licensing helps ensure that radiation sources emitting ionizing radiation do not pose radiation hazards for workers (and the public). OSHAs Ionizing Radiation standard requires employers to conduct dose monitoring when a worker who enters a restricted area receives or is likely to receive a dose in any calendar quarter in excess of 25% of the applicable occupational limit (or 5% for workers under age 18) and for each worker who enters a high radiation area (1910.1096(d)(2) and 1910.1096(d)(3), 29 CFR 1926.53). 5.2.2. Copyright Complaints, Types of Radiation Emissions and their Decay. When transporting the patient, do not share elevators with other staff or patients. Do not release the room to housekeeping until caution signs have been removed. , all irradiator operators, etc. ) short half-life or, the license is suspended or terminated one... 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